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Best Non-Toxic Sunscreen in 2024
Updated:
Nov 26, 2024
Written by Camille May
Cofounder & Product Curator
+ 1 more
Medically reviewed by Olushola Awoyemi
PhD Environmental Toxicology
As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Our use of affiliate links does not influence how we rate products. Learn more about our affiliate policy here.
What you should know when choosing non-toxic sunscreen on Welpr:
- Only the cleanest products make it onto Welpr.
- We use a score called the Welpr Rating to rank each product.
- The Welpr Rating is based on math, not opinion, ensuring it's free from human bias.
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Find Non-Toxic Sunscreen
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Mineral Sunscreen Cream SPF 30 - Badger
Certifications
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$15.29
Product Details
- Provides broad spectrum UVA and UVB protection using zinc oxide.
- Formulated with 98% organic ingredients that are gluten-free and non-GMO.
- Contains only five simple ingredients that help to moisturize, nourish, and protect the skin.
- Designed to be hypoallergenic and non-comedogenic, suitable for sensitive skin.
- Water-resistant for up to 40 minutes, ideal for outdoor activities.
- Reef-safe formula, free from oxybenzone and other harmful chemicals, approved for use in places like Hawaii and Mexico.
- Environmentally sustainable, made with 100% solar power in the USA by a women-owned family business.
- Packaging consists of 50% post-consumer recycled materials.
- Products and manufacturing process are cruelty-free.
- Does not contain synthetic chemicals, PABA, or vitamin E derived from soy.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Effective
- Organic
- Clear
Cons Mentioned
- Greasy
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Uncoated Zinc Oxide 18.75%, Inactive Ingredients: Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Cera Alba (Beeswax), Tocopherol (Sunflower Vitamin E), Hippophae Rhamnoides (Seabuckthorn) Fruit Extract
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
SPF 50+ Mineral Sunscreen - Think
Certifications
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$16.75
Product Details
- Provides broad-spectrum UVA and UVB protection, suitable for daily use on sensitive skin.
- Quick and easy application with instant protection; fast-absorbing and non-greasy texture.
- Free from PABA, parabens, phthalates, BPA, oxybenzone, avobenzone, petroleum, gluten, dairy, and toxic chemicals.
- Passed Whole Foods Premium Care requirements and is Leaping Bunny certified vegan.
- Offers up to 80 minutes of water resistance, ideal for sports and high-sweat activities.
- Updated packaging with accurate ingredient listings; contains natural fragrance oils for a pleasant scent.
- Highly rated for safety by the EWG's Skin Deep database, with a consistent “1” rating since 2010.
- No animal testing and has received numerous awards.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Effective
- Non-greasy
- Water-resistant
Cons Mentioned
- Thick
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Purified Water, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate, Glycerin, Hydrogenated Glyceryl Abietate, Hexyl Laurate, Cetyl Dimethicone, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Magnesium Sulfate, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Tocopherol, Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Rubus Idaeus (Raspberry) Seed Oil, Vaccinium Macrocarpon (Cranberry) Seed Oil, Sodium Hyaluronate, Carica Papaya (Papaya) Fruit Extract, Ribes Nigrum (Black Currant) Extract, Citrus Paradisi (Pink Grapefruit) Peel Oil, Sorbitan Sesquioleate, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Triethoxycaprylylsilane, Glyceryl Caprylate
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Uber-Sensitive Mineral Sunscreen Lotion SPF 40 - Earth Mama
Certifications
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$34.19
Product Details
- Formulated specifically for super sensitive skin, incorporating organic colloidal oatmeal to support rashy or eczema-prone skin.
- Includes organic red raspberry seed oil and organic pomegranate seed oil for enhanced UV protection.
- Free from chemical sunscreens like Oxybenzone, dimethicone, artificial fragrances, and nano particles, making it reef-friendly.
- Provides broad spectrum UVA/UVB protection and is water resistant for up to 40 minutes.
- Pediatrician and dermatologist tested, and clinically tested for irritation.
- Recommended pairing with Earth Mama's Eczema Cream for additional skin protection and moisture.
- NSF/ANSI 305 Certified by Oregon Tilth, ensuring product safety and organic ingredient integrity.
- Instructions for use include applying generously and evenly before sun exposure, reapplying after 40 minutes of swimming or sweating, and at least every 2 hours thereafter.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Effective
- Safe
- Gentle
Cons Mentioned
- Expensive
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 25%, Inactive Ingredients: Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Cocos Nucifera (Fractionated Coconut) Oil, Cera Alba (Beeswax), Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil, Rubus Idaeus (Red Raspberry) Seed Oil, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran Oil, Tocopherol, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Flour, Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice, Calendula Officinalis (Calendula) Flower Extract
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Sport Face & Body Sunscreen Lotion - All Good
Certifications
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$31.99
Product Details
- Provides broad spectrum UVA/UVB protection with SPF 30+.
- Water resistant up to 80 minutes.
- Formulated with lightweight, non-greasy, and hydrating ingredients.
- Features reef-friendly and biodegradable ingredients such as non-nano zinc oxide.
- Free from chemical UV absorbers, parabens, and harmful additives.
- Contains natural ingredients like coconut oil, jojoba oil, shea butter, green tea, rose hips, and buriti oil that help repair damaged skin.
- Suitable for sensitive skin and does not clog pores.
- Includes environmentally friendly and skin-beneficial components like calendula, buriti oil, green tea extract, and rosehip oil.
- Cruelty-free, oxybenzone-free, and formulated without nano zinc oxide.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Protective
- Reef-safe
- Non-toxic
Cons Mentioned
- Thick
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredient: Zinc Oxide 12% (Non-nanoparticle) Inactive Ingredients: Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe) Leaf Juice*, Bentonite, Calendula Officinalis (Calendula) Flower*, Camellia Sinensis (Green Tea) Leaf Extract*, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Caprylyl Glycol, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil*, Cellulose Gum, Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Coco-Glucoside, Glycerin, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil*, Heptyl Undecylenate, Jojoba Esters, Mauritia Flexuosa (Buriti) Fruit Oil*, Methyl Dihydroabietate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Octyldodecyl Oleate, Olea Europaea (Olive) Oil*, Rosa Canina Fruit Oil*, Rubus Idaeus (Raspberry) Fruit Extract*, Water (Aqua) *Certified Organic to USDA/NOP Standards
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Clean Freak Unscented SPF 30 - Solara
Certifications
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$34.00
Product Details
- Water resistant up to 40 minutes, ideal for active wear.
- Contains 100% mineral SPF 30 for sun protection.
- Formulated with Solara's proprietary PlantDFNS, which includes 10 active botanicals aimed at nourishing, protecting, and healing skin.
- Clinically proven ingredients to heal and moisturize skin for up to two hours after exposure.
- Suitable for the entire family and can be used on sensitive skin as it is fragrance-free.
- Provides full spectrum defense against the sun, HEV/blue light, and pollution.
- For external use only and should avoid contact with eyes.
- Not hypoallergenic, consultation with a doctor recommended if unsure about suitability.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Protective
- Mineral
- Strong
Cons Mentioned
- Inconsistent
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredient: Non-Nano Non-Coated Zinc Oxide 20%, Inactive Ingredients: Water (Aqua), Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Glycerin, C13-14 Alkane, Polyglyceryl-4 Diisostearate/Polyhydroxystearate/Sebacate, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Coco-Caprylate, Propanediol, Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Magnesium Sulfate, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Wax, Squalane, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Tocopherol, Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) Root Extract, Perilla Frutescens (Mint) Leaf Extract, Punica Granatum Flower Extract, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Extract, Gardenia Taitensis (Tahitian Gardenia) Flower Extract, Rubus Idaeus Leaf Extract, Potassium Sorbate, Terminalia Ferdinandiana Fruit Extract, Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Cetyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Palmitate, Caprylyl Glycol, Phenylpropanol, Sorbitan Olivate, Isostearic Acid, Lecithin, Fructose
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
100% Mineral Lotion - Supergoop
Certifications
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$33.45
Product Details
- Broad spectrum SPF 30 sunscreen, suitable for both face and body.
- Fast-absorbing formula with no greasy residue, making it easy to blend seamlessly into the skin.
- Provides 80 minutes of water and sweat resistance, ideal for active use.
- Contains non-nano zinc oxide and is formulated with clean ingredients that are gentle on sensitive skin.
- Excludes over 1600 potentially harmful ingredients such as oxybenzone, octinoxate, parabens, phthalates, sulfates, and synthetic fragrances.
- Directions for use include applying generously and evenly 15 minutes before sun exposure and reapplying every 2 hours, or after 80 minutes of swimming or sweating, and immediately after towel drying.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Lightweight
- Non-greasy
- Effective
Cons Mentioned
- Pricey
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 16.0%, Inactive Ingredients: Arachidyl Alcohol, Arachidyl Glucoside, Astrocaryum Vulgare Kernel Oil, Behenyl Alcohol, Bisabolol, Butyloctyl Salicylate, C13-14 Alkane, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Capryloyl Glycerin/Sebacic Acid Copolymer, Caprylyl Glycol, Cellulose Gum, Cetearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Citric Acid, Coco-Glucoside, Diheptyl Succinate, Erythritol, Ethyl Ferulate, Glycerin, Haematococcus Pluvialis Extract, Jojoba Esters, Lauryl Laurate, Methyl Dihydroabietate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Neopentyl Glycol Diheptanoate, Polyester-7, Polyester-8, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Propanediol, Sea Water, Sodium Gluconate, Sodium Stearoyl Glutamate, Tocopherol, Water
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Mineral Sunscreen for Sensitive Skin Enriched with Oatmeal - Attitude
Certifications
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$21.00
Product Details
- EWG Verified for clean ingredients and full transparency
- Contains non-nano zinc oxide, a mineral filter that forms a reflective barrier to protect skin
- Provides broad spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays
- Dermatologically tested for sensitive skin compatibility
- Vegan and cruelty-free product
- Enriched with oat extract to help revitalize dry skin
- Formulated to limit impact on the oceans
- Liquid formula is easy to apply
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Safe
- Effective
- Absorbent
Cons Mentioned
- Sticky
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Zinc Oxide 20%; Inactive Ingredients: Aqua/Water/Eau, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Stearate, Cetearyl Glucoside, Ethylhexylglycerin, Avena Sativa (Oat) Kernel Flour, Glycerin, C10-18 Triglycerides, Behenyl Alcohol, Sodium Chloride, Xanthan Gum, Caprylyl Glycol, Sodium Gluconate
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Original SPF 30 Sunscreen Oil - Sun Bum
Certifications
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$12.64
Product Details
- Lightweight, non-greasy SPF 30 Sunscreen Oil hydrates skin while providing protection against harmful UV rays.
- Provides moisturizing sun protection and is dermatologist approved for all skin types.
- Water-resistant and compliant with Hawaii 104 Reef Act, free from Oxybenzone and Octinoxate.
- Reapply guidance: Apply 15 minutes before sun exposure, reapply after 80 minutes of swimming or sweating, and every 2 hours for maximum protection.
- Free from gluten, cruelty, and parabens, ensuring it's safe for continuous usage.
- Enriched with Vitamin E to aid in skin nourishment and protection.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Hydrating
- Moisturizing
- Pleasant
Cons Mentioned
- Smell
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Active Ingredients: Octocrylene 10%, Homosalate 10%, Ethylhexyl Salicylate 5%, Avobenzone 3%; Inactive Ingredients: Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Isoamyl Cocoate, Butyloctyl Salicylate, Alcohol Denat., Capryloyl Glycerin/Sebacic Acid Copolymer, Polyester-8, Polyamide-8, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Tocopherol, Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil, Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter
Third-party certifications are key indicators of a product's safety, ethics, and environmental impact. Click the icon to verify the certification.
Highlights aren't always verifiable, so you're trusting the brand when they say "lead free", etc. If the highlight icon is "clickable", it means we've verified the highlight.
User satisfaction is calculated using online reviews and a Bayesian average across all personal care and cosmetic products on Welpr.
Face Sunscreen, Mineral Sunscreen with Zinc Oxide - Cocokind
Highlights
User Satisfaction
Est. Price
$17.49
Product Details
- Mineral based sunscreen with SPF 32 utilizing nan-nano zinc oxide, blue phytoplankton, and microalgae for protection against UVA rays, UVB rays, and pollution.
- Helps prevent dark spots, fine lines, wrinkles, and sunburn.
- Formulated for sensitive skin with a non-greasy finish that leaves a soft, dewy feel.
- Vegan, cruelty-free, dermatologist-tested, essential oil-free, and fragrance-free
- Designed for daily use; apply 15 minutes before sun exposure and reapply every 2 hours.
- Reef safe and environmentally conscious.
- Supports hydration and skin barrier health, promoting glowy, happy skin.
Pros & Cons
Pros Mentioned
- Lightweight
- Moisturizing
- Blends
Cons Mentioned
- Greasy
Ingredients
Ingredients can vary by product variation and may change at any time by the manufacturer. For the most complete and up-to-date list of ingredients, refer to the product packaging.
To analyze individual ingredients, use INCIDecoder.
Ingredients: Water, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Coconut Alkanes, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glycerin, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil, Tocopheryl Acetate, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Coco-Glucoside, Glyceryl Caprylate, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Cetearyl Glucoside, Caprylyl/ Capryl Glucoside, Xanthan Gum, Coco-Caprylate/Caprate, Lecithin, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate, Isostearic Acid, Oryza Sativa Starch, Dipotassium Glycyrrhizate, Bisabolol, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Sodium Phytate, Sclerotium Gum, Sucrose, Phaeodactylum Tricornutum Extract, Glucose, Spirulina Maxima Extract, Tocopherol, C10 Alcohol, C8 Alcohol, Zinc Oxide 21%
Our Product Rating System
First, Camille (co-creator of Welpr) hand picks cleaner product options from a variety of sources.
Next, we collect information about each product's safety, consumer satisfaction, and eco-ethical standing.
Finally, we run all this information through an algorithm that calculates the Welpr Rating.
Welpr Rating:
5.0/5
Part 1: Product safety
We evaluate safety information from 3rd party organizations (e.g. EWG, Made Safe, etc.). Instead of relying solely on any one of these companies for safety information, we assess all of them.
Part 2: Consumer satisfaction
We scour the web for consumer ratings and reviews to verify products are not only cleaner options, but also effective. Products can either be Above Average, Average, or Below average for their respective category (e.g. cleaning products).
Part 3: Ethics & Environment
When you buy a product, you’re supporting that company with your dollars. We believe it’s important to support ethical companies, so we pool together certifications that verify a company's ethics and environmental impact.
Common Harmful Chemicals in Sunscreen
Chemical Name
Why it’s harmful
Benzophenone
Benzophenone (BZP) is a photoinitiator, fragrance enhancer, and ultraviolet stabilizer, used in a variety of industrial applications. Despite not being registered as a pesticide in the U.S., it's involved in the production of insecticides and agricultural chemicals. Its toxic effects on humans are scarcely documented, but it presents little hormonal activity on cell lines. Animal studies show it possesses no estrogenic activity, but it can transform into derivatives with such activity under UV irradiation. It did not show reproductive toxicity or carcinogenicity in rats and mice, respectively, even at high doses. It can be bioactivated through specific enzymes. For aquatic life, fathead minnow larvae were more sensitive to BZP, ranking it in the middle of the toxicity order of six benzene derivatives.
Sources:
Benzophenone & Related Compounds, Chemical Profile: Benzophenone, Toxicological evaluation of benzophenone, Benzophenone – information sheet, Proposition 65 Warnings: Benzophenone, OEHHA: Benzophenone, FDA Removes 7 Synthetic Flavoring Substances from Food Additives List, Benzophenone-3, a chemical UV-filter in cosmetics: is it really safe for children and pregnant women? ,
Butylated Hydroxyanisole
3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole is a component of the food preservative Butylated Hydroxyanisole, used where Butylated hydroxytoluene is restricted. It serves as an oxidation inhibitor for human consumption. Despite lacking human studies, animal tests reveal no mutagenic activity. Its mutagenicity was evaluated using Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line, with chromosomal aberrations induced only in the presence of the S9 mix.
Butylated Hydroxytoluene
BHT, a toluene-based ingredient, serves as a preservative in food and personal care products. Safety assessments have noted toxic effects in lung tissue when BHT was applied to rats' skin but considered the low concentrations in cosmetics safe. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) suggests moderate evidence of BHT being a respiratory irritant in humans.
DEA Oleth-3 Phosphate
DEA Oleth-3 phosphate is employed in skincare as an emulsifying, cleansing, and dispersing agent that facilitates the cohesive mixing of oil and water ingredients in cosmetic products. It is a combination of ethoxylated fatty acid oleic acid and liquid phosphoric acid. However, ethanolamines like diethanolamine (DEA), found in various consumer products including cosmetics and cleaning products, have been associated with liver tumors. To reduce contamination from carcinogenic nitrosamines, the European Commission prohibits the use of DEA in cosmetics.
DEA-Cetyl Phosphate
DEA-Cetyl Phosphate serves as an emulsifier and surfactant in cosmetics and personal care products. However, it can accumulate in the liver and kidneys, leading to organ toxicity and potential neurotoxic effects like tremors. Maternal exposure to DEA may also have lasting impacts on memory function and brain development in offspring. Furthermore, DEA has been linked to male reproductive health issues, causing abnormalities in sperm structure and function.
Homosalate
Homosalate is a commonly used chemical in sunscreens and SPF-containing skincare products, primarily known for its UV-absorbing properties. However, it is a potential endocrine disruptor, particularly affecting the estrogen, androgen, and progesterone hormone systems. Studies in breast cancer cells indicate increased cell growth and multiplication following homosalate exposure. Moreover, homosalate's presence in human breast milk and its estrogenic activity in placental tissues raise concerns about its impact during vulnerable developmental stages. Additionally, homosalate has been shown to enhance the absorption of pesticides when applied to the skin, emphasizing the need for caution in its use.
Lauramide DEA
Lauramide DEA is an ethanolamide mixture of lauric acid commonly used in soaps, cleansers, and shampoos. It is known to cause mild to moderate eye irritation and mild to severe skin irritation. While the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has deemed it safe for use, caution is advised in cosmetics and personal care products that also contain nitrosating agents to prevent the formation of potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines.
Linoleamide MEA
Linoleamide MEA is utilized in cosmetics for functions such as foam boosting, antistatic properties, viscosity control, and hair conditioning. It is used in a wide range of consumer products, including cosmetics, personal care items, and household cleaning products. However, it has the potential to irritate the eyes and skin at higher concentrations and may cause short-term exposure-related effects on the central nervous system, nasal irritation, or pulmonary edema.
Myristamide DEA
Methylparaben is a non-volatile compound used as an antimicrobial preservative in various products, with contact exposure reported to cause dermatitis in some people. The mechanism of this sensitivity is not well understood, but it seems to intensify when applied to broken or damaged skin. Animal studies showed it to be generally non-toxic and non-carcinogenic, with no significant adverse effects noted at high exposure levels. There were contrasting findings on its effect in uterotrophic assays and its toxicity to sperm cells. In ecotoxicity studies, it affected the expression levels of genes in male Medaka fish at certain concentrations
Octinoxate
Octinoxate, commonly found in various cosmetic and personal care products such as hair color products, sunscreen, lipstick, and skin creams, is an endocrine disruptor that mimics estrogen and can affect thyroid function. It has been detected in human urine, blood, and breast milk, indicating systemic exposure. Octinoxate's potential health concerns include its impact on cell proliferation in response to estrogen exposure, disruptions in thyroid hormones, alterations in reproductive systems, and adverse effects on the development of male and female fetuses, as well as their offspring.
Oleamide DEA
Oleamide DEA is utilized in shampoos, hair dyes, bath products, and lotions for enhancing foaming capacity, stabilizing foam, and thickening the water-based components. However, there is a concern that in cosmetics, DEA can react with other ingredients to create a carcinogen called nitrosodiethanolamine (NDEA), which can be absorbed through the skin.
Oxybenzone
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3; BP-3) is a compound used as a UV absorber and stabilizer in plastics, paints, and sunscreens. Human studies have found photosensitivity to it, while non-human animal studies have found that high concentrations contribute to changes in liver weight and disruptions to reproductive parameters in mice and rats. It is identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical and can affect the behavior of certain fish species. Despite this, it did not induce gene mutations in tests with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium.
Padimate O
Padimate O is an active sunscreen agent found in cosmetics and over-the-counter sunscreens, regulated by the FDA at concentrations up to 8%. It is a derivative of the PABA sunscreen ingredient and has been associated with concerns such as releasing free radicals, DNA damage, estrogenic activity, and allergic reactions in some individuals. Padimate O is an active sunscreen agent found in cosmetics and over-the-counter sunscreens, regulated by the FDA at concentrations up to 8%. It is a derivative of the PABA sunscreen ingredient and has been associated with concerns such as releasing free radicals, DNA damage, estrogenic activity, and allergic reactions in some individuals.
Phenoxyethanol
2-Phenoxyethanol is a hazardous substance toxic by all routes of exposure, and is used widely in products like cosmetics, soaps, and inks, among others. The effects of exposure to this faintly aromatic, colorless, oily liquid can include eye irritation, headaches, tremors, and CNS depression. It's crucial to rinse exposed eyes with tepid water for at least 15 minutes and to wash exposed skin thoroughly with soap and water in case of contact. The substance requires preheating before ignition can occur, and if involved in a fire, gentle water spray can extinguish the fire by inducing frothing.
Polyacrylamide
Acrylamide is a man-made white crystalline solid primarily used in the production of polymers and copolymers. In humans, it is toxic and irritates the skin and mucous membranes, and can affect the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems leading to symptoms like memory difficulties, confusion, slurred speech, and excessive sweating. It may cause peripheral neuropathy, resulting in loss of sensation and muscle wasting. Recovery after exposure can take months to years. Animal studies indicate acrylamide accumulates in the nervous system, liver, kidney, and male reproductive system, causing degenerative changes. It might disrupt metabolism, induce oxidative stress, cause chromosomal aberrations, and tumor initiation. There is no evidence of teratogenic effects in humans or causing cancer. It has also shown genotoxic effects in some aquatic species like C. Auratus and mussels.
Stearamide MEA
Stearamide Monoethanolamine (MEA) is an ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products like deodorants, shampoos, makeup, and bath items. Its role is to thicken the water-based part of these products and enhance their foaming properties and foam stability. MEA was found to be non-irritating to the skin at a 17% concentration, but it caused slight to moderate irritation to the eyes of rabbits.
Styrene
Styrene is a colorless to yellowish, oily liquid used mainly in plastic, synthetic rubber, and resin production but also as a flavoring agent. Acute human exposure can cause irritation, drowsiness, and vertigo, with skin blistering and dermatitis resulting from long-term contact. It has been linked to increased rates of certain types of cancer, liver effects, and problems with the reproductive system. Animal studies have similarly shown irritation, central nervous system effects, and links to cancers. Styrene's endocrine disruptor activity appears negligible in humans and other vertebrates, but there is evidence of impact in certain aquatic species.
Titanium Dioxide
The study on 1,576 U.S. workers exposed to TiO2 for over a year from 1956 to 1985 showed no increase in lung cancer or chronic respiratory disease, and no cases of pulmonary fibrosis. Cases of pulmonary fibrosis related to TiO2 exposure have been reported, possibly due to silica contamination. There are no listed effects for short-term or long-term exposure. Although NIOSH recognises ultrafine TiO2 as a potential occupational carcinogen, data is insufficient to classify fine TiO2 similarly. Epidemiological studies do not provide clear evidence of lung cancer risks from TiO2 dust exposure.
Triethanolamine Lauryl Sulfate
An eye irritant; May cause corneal damage on prolonged contact; [CAMEO] A skin and eye irritant, based on animal studies; [IUCLID] An irritant; May cause serious eye injury; [MSDSonline] See Triethanolamine.
Diethanolamine
Diethanolamine is a chemical found in various consumer products like shampoos, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Acute exposure in humans can result in irritation of the nose, throat, and skin. However, no detailed data is available on its chronic, reproductive, developmental or carcinogenic effects on humans. Studies on animals reveal that acute oral exposure can influence the liver, blood, kidney, and central nervous system, while dermal exposure has been connected with an increased incidence of liver and kidney tumors in mice. Production of first-degree burns, skin irritation, occupational asthma, kidney, and liver injury risk, and potential skin sensitization are some other adverse effects associated with diethanolamine.
Sources:
Chemical Safety Facts: Ethanolamines, NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Diethanolamine, California Environmental Protection Agency: Diethanolamine , International Agency for Research on Cancer: Diethanolamine, Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications, What is the Toxics Release Inventory?, OPINION CONCERNING DIALKYL- AND DIALKANOLAMINES AND THEIR SALTS IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS, Ethanolamine Compounds (MEA, DEA, TEA And Others), WHAT ARE ETHANOLAMINE COMPOUNDS (DEA, MEA, OR TEA): CHEMICAL FREE LIVING, The Dirty Dozen: DEA-related ingredients, FDA: Diethanolamine, Chemical Profile: Diethanolamine ,
Methylchloroisothiazolinone
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI) is a compound frequently used as a preservative in cosmetics, hygiene products, and other industrial applications such as hydraulic fracturing fluids. It can also be deployed as a pesticide in the U.S, pending regulatory approval. CMI, which is often used in combination with 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MI), can cause contact dermatitis in humans. Various animal studies have shown that a high exposure to a CMIT/MIT mixture can cause alterations in rats' liver function. The production and use of CMI in a range of products mean it can be release into the environment, with some susceptibility to degradation through photolysis in sunlight. Its mobility in soil is high but volatilization from soil or water surfaces is not expected to be significant. Occupational and general exposure to CMI can occur especially through inhalation and dermal contact with CMI-containing products.
Sources:
Antimicrobial agents, triclosan, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone and borax, used in cleaning had genotoxic and histopathologic effects on rainbow trout, Methylisothiazolinone toxicity and inhibition of wound healing and regeneration in planaria, Methylchloroisothiazolinone and/or methylisothiazolinone in cosmetic products, Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles, Methylisothiazolinone and isothiazolinone allergy, Analysis of isothiazolinones in environmental waters by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Methylisothiazolinone induces apoptotic cell death via matrix metalloproteinase activation in human bronchial epithelial cells, EU REGULATIONS , Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a review, Effects of methylisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone on development and thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae, Two Cases of Chloromethylisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone-associated Toxic Lung Injury, An update of the risk assessment for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) with focus on rinse-off products, Effects of a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone on peripheral airway dysfunction in children, Isothiazolinone preservative: cause of a continuing epidemic of cosmetic dermatitis, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics: Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone
Methylisothiazolinone
Methylisothiazolinone can reportedly cause allergic contact dermatitis in workers who interact with products containing it. This substance is recognized as a contact allergen for consumers using cosmetics that include it. It can cause skin burns and sensitization, and inhaling it may lead to corrosive injuries in the upper respiratory tract and lungs. Ingesting this substance is harmful, and inhalation is toxic. This preservative is linked to the category of isothiazolinones.
Sources:
Antimicrobial agents, triclosan, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone and borax, used in cleaning had genotoxic and histopathologic effects on rainbow trout, Methylisothiazolinone toxicity and inhibition of wound healing and regeneration in planaria, Methylchloroisothiazolinone and/or methylisothiazolinone in cosmetic products, Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles, Methylisothiazolinone and isothiazolinone allergy, Analysis of isothiazolinones in environmental waters by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Methylisothiazolinone induces apoptotic cell death via matrix metalloproteinase activation in human bronchial epithelial cells, EU REGULATIONS , Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a review, Effects of methylisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone on development and thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae, Two Cases of Chloromethylisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone-associated Toxic Lung Injury, An update of the risk assessment for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) with focus on rinse-off products, Effects of a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone on peripheral airway dysfunction in children, Isothiazolinone preservative: cause of a continuing epidemic of cosmetic dermatitis, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics: Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone
Triethanolamine
Triethanolamine appears to cause occupational asthma and allergic contact dermatitis in machinists and photographers, as well as liver and kidney damage in animals with high-dose feeding. It's noted to be an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, with potential to cause skin sensitization, though the rate of skin sensitization in humans is low. Triethanolamine has low acute toxicity, with median oral LD50 values of 4,190-11,260 mg/kg in rats and 5,300-8,000 mg/kg in guinea pigs, and a median dermal LD50 greater than 2,000 mg/kg in rabbits. Triethanolamine is not carcinogenic, developmental toxicant, or toxic to the reproductive system. However, chronic exposure may lead to liver and kidney damage.
Sources:
Safety assessment of triethanolamine and triethanolamine-containing ingredients as used in cosmetics, Toxicology of mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, Campaign for Safe Cosmetics: Ethanolamine Compounds (MEA, DEA, TEA And Others), The Dirty Dozen: DEA-related ingredients, Chemical Profile, Special Chem, Safety assessment of triethanolamine and triethanolamine-containing ingredients as used in cosmetics
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